However, it's my understanding that neither will alleviate congestion. It seems that there is an 'maximal' amount of congestion that commuters will tolerate, based on market conditions. If new roads are built or mass transit is made available, the newly available capacity on existing roads will be filled by people who are encouraged by 'sub-maximal' congestion to move out to the suburbs, or to travel in rush hour when they otherwise wouldn't have.
Hear, hear! This was covered in Cohen's "The Counterintuitive in Conflict and Cooperation" ~ 1988 http://www.rockefell...ientist1988.pdf
It covers all kinds of networks, including traffic. My favourite quote is:
This is an example of Braess' Paradox, for those who want to search for more."It might be inferred from these examples that real conflict and cooperation are, or can be, so complex or counterintuitive that they should be left to the management of experts... [ snip ] Such an inference is not justified. On the contrary, these examples show that conflict and cooperation require the fresh and unprejudiced analysis of thinkers who have no commitment, historical or bureaucratic, to established rules of thumb."