Professor Ángel Serrano, principal investigator at the Biomaterials and Bioengineering Laboratory of the Catholic University of Valencia (UCV), recently published an article in journal ACS Nano, from the American Chemical Society, which shows that carbon-based nanomaterials (CBNs) with low or zero toxicity for humans, are "promising treatments" against the pneumonia caused by COVID-19, as well as other viruses, bacteria and fungi, including those that are multi-resistant to medicines.
Serrano and his fellow researchers from the group have reviewed scientific literature on the antiviral activity and broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties of carbon-based nanomaterials such as fullerene, carbon dots, graphene and its by-products. In their research, they have verified that CBNs have antiviral activity against 13 positive single-stranded RNA viruses, including SARS-CoV-2.
As well as its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, biocompatibility, biodegradability and ability to induce tissue regeneration, the mode of action of CBNs is "mainly physical" and is characterized by a low risk of antimicrobial resistance.
https://phys.org/new...ov-viruses.html
Q: Why is it so important to determine the origins of the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19?
We need this information to prevent future coronavirus pandemics. COVID-19 is the third serious coronavirus infection in this new century. There was SARS in 2002, MERS in 2012 and now COVID-19. A bottom line is that Mother Nature is already warning us that a new serious coronavirus epidemic is going to appear every eight to 10 years. And we should be ready.
Could COVID-19 have first originated in the laboratory and been leaked as it was being studied? Yes, but I feel such scenarios are less likely.
We still don’t know why or how this novel coronavirus emerged, or fully understand the interplay of different factors: animal hosts, urbanization, expanding deforestation and perhaps climate change may be driving the increased contact between humans and animals – or the ability of viruses to leap from animals to humans.
The ecosystem of animals, humans and disease is sometimes referred to as ‘one health,’ and designing one-health interventions against future coronavirus pandemics depends on having detailed knowledge of how coronaviruses first arise and jump to people.
The only way to do this is to investigate the true origins of COVID-19. There’s some evidence from John Brownstein’s group at Harvard that COVID-19 might have first appeared in humans as early as late summer 2019. Brownstein is a researcher who uses infomatics tools to predict patterns of virus outbreaks. According to some newspaper reports, the first actual case of COVID-19 might have been diagnosed in November 2019, but Brownstein’s work suggests to me the possibility that the virus may have been circulating months before.
There is a way to resolve this: We need to establish an interdisciplinary team of scientists, both from China and internationally, in order to exhaustively test wild animal species, including bats, and possibly domestic animals, such as livestock, to reveal the potential animal origins of COVID-19. In parallel, such groups should conduct an extensive outbreak investigation to trace the initial human cases of COVID-19 and their early contacts.
For instance, did COVID-19 jump only once from animals to humans or were there multiple events, and over what period of time? Could these processes have been occurring for several months or even longer? And what is it about China – Guangdong province for SARS 2002-03, and Hubei province for SARS-CoV-2 in 2019 – that created the perfect storm of conditions to promote the emergence of these coronaviruses in humans?
etc
https://health.usnew...navirus-origins
Da gibt es ja die These: Dieses Virus könnte aus einem Labor entwichen sein. Dafür spricht, dass Sars-2 für den Menschen besonders ansteckend ist. Bis jetzt kann man nicht erklären, wie es mittels natürlicher Selektion dazu kam. Bei Mers und Sars kann man das ja. Dann gibt es die These, dass das Virus auf chinesischen Pelzfarmen mutiert ist. Herr Drosten, woher kam dieses Virus?
Ich denke auch in die Richtung der Pelzindustrie. Diese Laborhypothese, die gibt es natürlich. Wenn man diese rein technisch betrachtet, wenn man einfach das Genom anschaut, ist das im Rahmen des Möglichen. Ich kann aber sagen: Ich kenne die Techniken sehr genau, die man bräuchte, um ein Virus auf diese Art zu verändern. Wenn jemand auf diese Weise Sars-2 entwickelt hätte, dann würde ich sagen, der hat das ziemlich umständlich gemacht. Das hätte man sich nicht so schwer machen müssen.
Wie meinen Sie das?
Es gibt ja eigentlich zwei Laborthesen. Die eine wäre Böswilligkeit, dass also jemand absichtlich ein solches Virus konstruiert hat. Die andere wäre der Forschungsunfall, dass also trotz guter Absicht und Wissbegierde ein Experiment schiefgegangen ist. Das Böswillige, also ehrlich gesagt: Da müssen Sie mit Geheimdienstlern drüber reden. Ich kann das als Wissenschaftler nicht beurteilen.
Und was ist mit dem Forschungsunfall?
Wenn man sich jetzt überlegen würde, man wollte bestimmte Dinge ändern: Da ist die sogenannte furin cleavage site, die Furin-Spaltstelle, eine genetische Eigenschaft des Stachelproteins des Virus, das Auffälligste.
Die furin cleavage site: Sie sorgt bei Sars-2 dafür, dass das Virus besser in die menschliche Zelle eindringen kann?
Ja, genau. Also, wir stellen uns vor, jemand wollte schauen, was denn passiert, wenn man einem Coronavirus diese furin cleavage site verpasst, die man von den Influenzaviren kennt: Wird es dadurch bösartiger? Hierfür würde ich das Sars-1-Virus nehmen, und zwar in einer Form, die ich im Labor auch verändern kann. Also einen DNA-Klon. Verstehen Sie mich?
Wir versuchen es. Erklären Sie es uns.
Man kann ein Virus nicht einfach in eine Glasschale legen, und schon macht man damit irgendwelche Experimente. So einen DNA-Klon aus einem Virus aufzubauen, das bedeutet zwei bis drei Jahre molekularbiologische Arbeit. Solche Klone haben Forscherinnen im Übrigen ja auch tatsächlich gemacht aus dem ursprünglichen Sars-1-Virus. Hätte man im Labor also eine Art Sars-2 entwickeln wollen, dann hätte man Änderungen, zum Beispiel diese furin site, in so einen Sars-1-Klon eingefügt. Um so herauszufinden: Macht diese Anpassung das Sars-Virus ansteckender? Aber das war hier nicht der Fall. Der ganze Backbone des Virus ist anders: Sars-2 ist voller Abweichungen zum ursprünglichen Sars-1-Virus.
Was bedeutet das: Der ganze Backbone ist anders?
Lassen Sie es mich mit einem Bild erklären: Um etwa zu überprüfen, ob Anpassungen das Virus ansteckender machen, würde ich ein bestehendes System nehmen, da die Änderung einbauen und das dann vergleichen mit dem alten System. Wenn ich wissen will, ob ein neues Autoradio den Klang verbessert, dann nehme ich ein bestehendes Auto und tausche da das Radio aus. Dann vergleiche ich. Ich baue dafür nicht ein komplett neues Auto. Genau so war das aber bei Sars-2: Das ganze Auto ist anders.
Und das bedeutet?
Diese Idee eines Forschungsunfalls ist für mich ausgesprochen unwahrscheinlich, weil es viel zu umständlich wäre. Die Idee eines böswilligen Einsatzes irgendeines Geheimdienstlabors irgendwo: Wenn überhaupt, dann käme so etwas wohl nicht aus dem Wuhan-Virologie-Institut. Das ist ein seriöses akademisches Institut.
Was ist für Sie das Plausibelste?
Karnivorenzucht. Die Pelzindustrie.
Warum?
Ich habe dafür keinerlei Belege, ausser die klar belegte Herkunft von Sars-1, und das hier ist ein Virus der gleichen Spezies. Viren der gleichen Spezies machen die gleichen Sachen und haben häufig die gleiche Herkunft. Bei Sars-1, das ist wissenschaftlich dokumentiert, waren die Übergangswirte Marderhunde und Schleichkatzen. Das ist gesichert. Ebenfalls gesichert ist, dass in China Marderhunde in grossem Stil in der Pelzindustrie verwendet werden. Wenn Sie irgendwo eine Jacke kaufen mit Pelzkragen, ist das chinesischer Marderhund, fast ohne jede Ausnahme. Und jetzt kann ich Ihnen sagen, dass es keinerlei Studien gibt in der wissenschaftlichen Literatur – keinerlei –, welche die Frage beleuchten, ob Marderhund-Zuchtbestände oder auch andere Karnivoren-Zuchtbestände, Nerze zum Beispiel, in China dieses Virus, Sars-2, tragen.
There is the thesis: This virus could have escaped from a laboratory. This is supported by the fact that Sars-2 is particularly contagious for humans. So far it is not possible to explain how this came about through natural selection. You can do that with Mers and Sars. Then there is the thesis that the virus has mutated on Chinese fur farms. Mr. Drosten, where did this virus come from?
I am also thinking in the direction of the fur industry. This laboratory hypothesis does exist, of course. If you look at it from a purely technical point of view, if you just look at the genome, that's within the realms of possibility. But I can say: I know the techniques very well that you would need to change a virus in this way. If someone had developed Sars-2 in this way, I would say they made it pretty awkward. It shouldn't have been so difficult.
What do you mean?
There are actually two laboratory theses. One would be malice that someone has intentionally constructed such a virus. The other would be the research accident, that in spite of good intentions and curiosity an experiment went wrong. The malicious thing, to be honest: you have to talk to the secret service about it. As a scientist, I cannot judge that.
And what about the research accident?
If you were to think about it now, you wanted to change certain things: The most noticeable thing is the so-called furin cleavage site, the furin cleavage site, a genetic property of the virus' spike protein.
The furin cleavage site: With Sars-2, it ensures that the virus can better penetrate the human cell?
Yes exactly. So, let's imagine someone wanted to see what happens if you give a coronavirus this furin cleavage site that you know from influenza viruses: does it make it more malicious? For this I would take the Sars-1 virus, in a form that I can also change in the laboratory. So a DNA clone. Do you understand me?
We will try it. Explain it to us.
You can't just put a virus in a glass dish and do some kind of experiment with it. Building a DNA clone like this from a virus takes two to three years of molecular biological work. Incidentally, researchers actually made such clones from the original Sars-1 virus. So if you had wanted to develop a kind of Sars-2 in the laboratory, you would have added changes, for example this furin site, to such a Sars-1 clone. To find out, does this adaptation make the Sars virus more contagious? But that was not the case here. The whole backbone of the virus is different: Sars-2 is full of deviations from the original Sars-1 virus.
What does that mean: the whole backbone is different?
Let me explain it with a picture: To check, for example, whether adjustments make the virus more contagious, I would take an existing system, incorporate the change and then compare it with the old system. If I want to know whether a new car radio improves the sound, I take an existing car and replace the radio there. Then I compare. I'm not building a completely new car for this. But that's exactly how it was with Sars-2: The whole car is different.
And that means?
This idea of a research accident is extremely unlikely for me because it would be far too cumbersome. The idea of malicious use by some secret service laboratory somewhere: If anything, something like that would probably not come from the Wuhan Virology Institute. This is a reputable academic institute.
What is the most plausible for you?
Carnivore breeding. The fur industry.
Why?
I have no evidence for this, except for the clearly proven origin of Sars-1, and this is a virus of the same species. Viruses of the same species do the same things and often come from the same source. In Sars-1, this is scientifically documented, the transitional hosts were raccoon dogs and crawling cats. That’s assured. It is also certain that raccoon dogs are used extensively in the fur industry in China. If you buy a jacket with a fur collar anywhere, it is the Chinese raccoon dog, almost without exception. And now I can tell you that there are no studies in the scientific literature - none at all - that shed light on the question of whether raccoon dog breeding stocks or other carnivore breeding stocks, for example minks, carry this virus, Sars-2, in China .
long
https://www.republik...am-dieses-virus
Spanish Prime Minister Says People Vaccinated With Sputnik V Should Be Allowed Into EU
https://sputniknews....llowed-into-eu/
CARBIS BAY, England:
The United States will spend $3.5 billion to buy and donate 500 million doses of the Pfizer coronavirus vaccine to some of the world's poorest countries, it said on Thursday, urging other G7 nations to follow suit.
The vaccine donation - the largest ever by a single country - was announced before U.S. President Joe Biden meets leaders of the Group of Seven advanced economies in western England.
The 500 million doses are destined for the world's 100 poorest countries. A senior Biden administration official described the gesture as a "major step forward that will supercharge the global effort" with the aim of "bringing hope to every corner of the world." "We really want to underscore that this is fundamentally about a singular objective of saving lives," the official said, adding that Washington was not seeking favours in exchange for the doses.
The Biden administration expects other G7 members to come up with contributions as part of a comprehensive road map to end a pandemic that has killed more than 3.9 million people, the official added.
U.S. drugmaker Pfizer and its German partner BioNTech had earlier said they would provide 200 million doses in 2021 and 300 million doses in the first half of 2022.
The shots, which will be produced at Pfizer's U.S. sites, will be supplied at a not-for-profit price.
https://www.ndtv.com...nations-2460963
India has recorded the world's highest number of coronavirus-related deaths in a single day.
It announced a further 6,148 fatalities on Thursday - after the state of Bihar discovered 3,929 unreported deaths.
Bihar, one of India's poorest states, revised its death toll after being directed to by Patna High Court.
The court has been hearing a petition alleging that the number of deaths in the state has been under-reported and inconsistent during the country's second wave of COVID-19.
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"All facts must be verified from all sources," the court's chief justice said.
Mangal Panday, Bihar's health minister, said: "We are open to revising the figures if people come forward with genuine papers. Our real intention is to help and not to hide anything. We are not ruling out some names that are still missing."
https://news.sky.com...itable-12329233
A man who was hired as a contract worker at a coronavirus vaccination site in Southern California was charged Wednesday with stealing more than 500 blank vaccine record cards from the site.
Muhammad Rauf Ahmed, 45, of Las Vegas, faces one count of grand theft, the Los Angeles County District Attorney's Office announced.
On April 27, detectives with the La Verne Police Department were alerted to a possible theft of blank COVID-19 vaccine cards by an employee at the county-run vaccination center at Fairplex in Pomona, California, the department said in a statement. During their investigation, detectives discovered a total of 528 blank vaccine cards in the man's car and hotel room.
Online booking records show Ahmed was arrested and released on April 27. He is scheduled to be arraigned on Aug. 25, the district attorney's office said.
According to police, Ahmed was a nonclinical employee who was hired on contract to work at the vaccination site.
In a statement provided to BuzzFeed News, the LA County Department of Public Health, which manages the clinic at the fairgrounds, said that when county staffers learned the suspect was "in unauthorized possession of vaccination cards," they questioned him and referred the issue to La Verne police.
"Public Health has extensive security measures in place which allowed for the quick identification of the theft and after this incident in April added additional protocols to prevent future thefts," the department said.
https://www.buzzfeed...d-theft-charges