Rorschach the New York example had a lot more than just cleaning up litter and leaving people who rode the subways without paying with criminal records. In fact there is no evidence that those methods contributed towards any of the advances in dealing with social ills. All that can be proven that did was make yuppies and tourists feel more comfortable on the streets. Which I think in the end is all Victoria really wants too.
A few other elements of the New York example:
- the idea that you can't "externalise" any aspect of the problem. So, if there are 100 bums moved off the street in a certain district, then they must be found houses and jobs in that district... rather than "moved on" or pushed over to the next.
- A huge investment in harm reduction methods, which include safe injection sites and syringe exchanges.
- The forced closure of much of Alphabet City, in some cases using tanks and helicopters to shut down squats that had been running for up to 30 years. In essence, a sort of urban clearcutting; scattering clusters of the poorest and most addicted people to disperse them throughout the community. The closest we could come to that would be to take out View Towers.
I know there is more but I haven't been able to choke my way through the rest of Giuliani's self congratulatory book to get to it, and the rest of my research is dated.
Regarding the "broken window" theory of policing, the relationship between how safe people FEEL and how safe it really is, is an interesting one. An article in the New York Times explores this relationship, showing how people are willing to tolerate and overlook certain levels of crime if the streets are clean and look 'safe.' There will always be anecdotal evidence of crime and public disorder, but how frequently that evidence is repeated and what weight it is given has little relationship with the actual levels of social health and crime statistics. It does however seem to directly depend on factors such as if there is graffiti, or if you can see teenagers hanging out on the corner.
Deepening Shadows
By ANEMONA HARTOCOLLIS
Published: November 17, 2002
SOMETHING in the air seems to be changing. Once again, it's not uncommon to feel a vague sense of dread when walking down a shadowy street. Strangers look slightly menacing. The sound of footsteps provokes a sense of unease.
It's not as bad as it was a decade ago, when crime was every New Yorker's waking nightmare. But New Yorkers are more fearful these days, and that is odd, given the city's dropping crime rate.
Police statistics show that crime is the lowest it has been in four decades. For the first time since the early 60's, the annual murder rate is on pace to fall below 600.
Yet a new New York Times poll, taken late last month, shows that a growing percentage of New Yorkers feel that their city is less safe today than it was four years ago... [url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A06E4DA1530F934A25752C1A9649C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1:163cf]Full article[/url:163cf]
One thing I found interesting was the theory that the relationship between perception and crime can be a self fufilling prophecy. Regardless of the actual crime rate, if people feel safe they will take ownership of the streets, which ends up making the streets safer. If they feel unsafe, they will avoid the streets and will allow behaviour that they wouldn't tolerate unremarked in "their" territory. That subtle shift as to whose streets they are has more to do with perception than anything else, and that is where the broken window theory works.